Open research library
Explore the evidence.
Find a collection. Check its source. Put it to work.
Publisher ad-seller directory
25,309 public seller records.
Collected from ad networks’ own files. Checked IDs, cleaned domains and clear source records. Personal names and contact details are excluded.
Explore the directory and collection checks →Download the seller records (CSV · 3.5 MB) ↓
Separate data on internet use, population and pageviews, with source files and licences.
Explore the background collection →Original publisher research
- Pageviews in the RPM study
- 1.17 billion
- Ad revenue in that study
- $6.84m
These historical results come from businesses listed for sale. Check each study’s method and sample before using a benchmark. The data library contains separate collections with different units; the ad-seller directory does not increase the earnings-study sample.
Download the public data sample
Sources, reuse and what the downloads include
Downloads contain the published research tables. Each study explains its source, dates and limits. Separate collections measure different things; their record counts must not be added to the earnings sample.
Our original analysis is free to reuse with attribution under CC BY 4.0. Underlying sources keep their own rights and terms.
The expanded RPM CSV adds calculated views of existing observations, not new observations.
- 1.17 billionpageviewsWhat a thousand pageviews earned from ads, by subject, across 123 broker-checked businessesOpen the source table, method and study details.Download CSV ↓
- $704min listing pricesListing multiples by business model across 2,661 sold-status marketplace recordsOpen the source table, method and study details.Download CSV ↓
- 16,076domains in the frameWhich AI crawlers 1,020 small ad-funded publishers name and block in robots.txtOpen the source table, method and study details.Download CSV ↓
- 16,085sites in the frameWhere a publisher’s ads.txt and their ad network’s own seller list disagree, across 462 checked relationshipsOpen the source table, method and study details.Download CSV ↓
Store research
Market context. Product-level detail.
UK online retail
Through September 2026. ONS release: 23 October. Monthly series with source cells and units.
Explore the market →Source and method →Retail invoices
541,909 invoice lines. One UK retailer, 2010–2011. Explore a 3,789-product aggregate; this is not current demand.
Explore products and method →Need a different breakdown?
Ask for the working behind a finding. We’ll check what we can share, subject to privacy and source permissions.
- Request working: What a thousand pageviews earned from ads, by subject, across 123 broker-checked businesses
- Request working: Listing multiples by business model across 2,661 sold-status marketplace records
- Request working: Which AI crawlers 1,020 small ad-funded publishers name and block in robots.txt
- Request working: Where a publisher’s ads.txt and their ad network’s own seller list disagree, across 462 checked relationships
External sources · background data
Internet use and traffic context
25,602 observations across 10 datasets, collected from public primary-source APIs. These are background data for future investigations. They are separate from our original research and have not been incorporated into the publisher benchmarks.
Collected . Downloaded files keep their provider’s license and attribution. Years and coverage differ; missing observations are not filled in. More rows do not make these sources representative of your website.
One file. Every collected external row.
25,602 observations · 14 fields · 10 source datasets. This combines the existing files; it does not add observations or enlarge the publisher RPM sample.
Each row identifies its series, unit, entity, period, source and license. Different units must not be added together. Empty access/agent fields are not applicable to World Bank series.
See what we measured in these sources
New measurement · paired observations
What the collected data actually shows
We compared the same 180 economies in 2020 and 2024. Their median reported internet use moved from 71.7% to 82.1% of population. The median within-economy change was 7.1 percentage points.
169 increased, 10 decreased and 1 were unchanged. Every economy has equal weight here. This is not a global population-weighted adoption rate, a count of website visitors or a prediction of ad revenue. Missing year pairs were excluded rather than filled in.
Five Wikipedia language editions, complete years compared
Each annual total sums 12 monthly observations from the same project and user-classified, all-access series. These are pageviews, not unique people. A language edition is not a country.
| Project | 2021 pageviews | 2025 pageviews | Change |
|---|---|---|---|
| en.wikipedia.org | 88,960,959,236 | 85,541,514,536 | -3.8% |
| ar.wikipedia.org | 2,692,301,789 | 1,694,721,994 | -37.1% |
| pt.wikipedia.org | 3,484,032,995 | 2,400,567,515 | -31.1% |
| fr.wikipedia.org | 8,601,750,762 | 7,608,650,323 | -11.5% |
| es.wikipedia.org | 11,447,700,403 | 7,592,095,083 | -33.7% |
These descriptive differences do not establish why traffic changed, or which language will bring traffic to your site. They do not measure an AI or search-engine effect.
Download the paired external-data working sample (CSV) · Download methods, results and source hashes (JSON)
Calculated from the source snapshot collected 2026-10-21. Source and license links appear on each external-data card below. The derived working rows reuse existing observations; they are not added to the source-record count.
World Bank World Development Indicators
Population by economy and year
Source file and collection details
2000–2025; availability varies by economy and indicator · persons
Fields, method and limits
- Fields in the file
economy_code, economy, year, value, unit, indicator- Coverage
- 2000–2025; availability varies by economy and indicator
- Unit
- persons
- Attribution
- World Bank WDI; UN Population Division, national statistical offices, Eurostat and UN Statistics Division
Regional aggregates and missing values excluded; published values retained without imputation or inflation adjustment.
Country context for future research, not website audience, personal income, ad demand, RPM or a revenue forecast.
World Bank World Development Indicators
GDP per capita by economy and year
Source file and collection details
2000–2025; availability varies by economy and indicator · current US dollars per person
Fields, method and limits
- Fields in the file
economy_code, economy, year, value, unit, indicator- Coverage
- 2000–2025; availability varies by economy and indicator
- Unit
- current US dollars per person
- Attribution
- World Bank WDI; national statistics, OECD and World Bank estimates
Regional aggregates and missing values excluded; published values retained without imputation or inflation adjustment.
Country context for future research, not website audience, personal income, ad demand, RPM or a revenue forecast.
World Bank World Development Indicators
Internet use by economy and year
Source file and collection details
2000–2025; availability varies by economy and indicator · percent of population
Fields, method and limits
- Fields in the file
economy_code, economy, year, value, unit, indicator- Coverage
- 2000–2025; availability varies by economy and indicator
- Unit
- percent of population
- Attribution
- World Bank WDI; International Telecommunication Union
Regional aggregates and missing values excluded; published values retained without imputation or inflation adjustment.
Country context for future research, not website audience, personal income, ad demand, RPM or a revenue forecast.
World Bank World Development Indicators
Fixed broadband subscriptions by economy and year
Source file and collection details
2000–2025; availability varies by economy and indicator · subscriptions per 100 people
Fields, method and limits
- Fields in the file
economy_code, economy, year, value, unit, indicator- Coverage
- 2000–2025; availability varies by economy and indicator
- Unit
- subscriptions per 100 people
- Attribution
- World Bank WDI; International Telecommunication Union
Regional aggregates and missing values excluded; published values retained without imputation or inflation adjustment.
Fixed broadband subscriptions, not unique people or website visitors. Connections may be shared. This is connectivity context, not a measurement of advertising demand or publisher revenue.
World Bank World Development Indicators
Mobile cellular subscriptions by economy and year
Source file and collection details
2000–2025; availability varies by economy and indicator · subscriptions per 100 people
Fields, method and limits
- Fields in the file
economy_code, economy, year, value, unit, indicator- Coverage
- 2000–2025; availability varies by economy and indicator
- Unit
- subscriptions per 100 people
- Attribution
- World Bank WDI; International Telecommunication Union
Regional aggregates and missing values excluded; published values retained without imputation or inflation adjustment.
Voice-capable mobile subscriptions, not unique subscribers, internet users or website visits. Values can exceed 100 because one person may hold multiple subscriptions. Not a measure of ad demand or publisher revenue.
Wikimedia Analytics API
EN Wikipedia monthly user pageviews
Source file and collection details
January 2021–December 2025 · pageviews per project-month
Fields, method and limits
- Fields in the file
project, month, pageviews, access, agent- Coverage
- January 2021–December 2025
- Unit
- pageviews per project-month
- Attribution
- Wikimedia Foundation Analytics API
Monthly all-access user-classified pageviews; no aggregation across language projects.
Wikipedia language editions are not country populations or representative publisher traffic. User classification relies on Wikimedia bot detection; it is not a count of unique people.
Wikimedia Analytics API
AR Wikipedia monthly user pageviews
Source file and collection details
January 2021–December 2025 · pageviews per project-month
Fields, method and limits
- Fields in the file
project, month, pageviews, access, agent- Coverage
- January 2021–December 2025
- Unit
- pageviews per project-month
- Attribution
- Wikimedia Foundation Analytics API
Monthly all-access user-classified pageviews; no aggregation across language projects.
Wikipedia language editions are not country populations or representative publisher traffic. User classification relies on Wikimedia bot detection; it is not a count of unique people.
Wikimedia Analytics API
PT Wikipedia monthly user pageviews
Source file and collection details
January 2021–December 2025 · pageviews per project-month
Fields, method and limits
- Fields in the file
project, month, pageviews, access, agent- Coverage
- January 2021–December 2025
- Unit
- pageviews per project-month
- Attribution
- Wikimedia Foundation Analytics API
Monthly all-access user-classified pageviews; no aggregation across language projects.
Wikipedia language editions are not country populations or representative publisher traffic. User classification relies on Wikimedia bot detection; it is not a count of unique people.
Wikimedia Analytics API
FR Wikipedia monthly user pageviews
Source file and collection details
January 2021–December 2025 · pageviews per project-month
Fields, method and limits
- Fields in the file
project, month, pageviews, access, agent- Coverage
- January 2021–December 2025
- Unit
- pageviews per project-month
- Attribution
- Wikimedia Foundation Analytics API
Monthly all-access user-classified pageviews; no aggregation across language projects.
Wikipedia language editions are not country populations or representative publisher traffic. User classification relies on Wikimedia bot detection; it is not a count of unique people.
Wikimedia Analytics API
ES Wikipedia monthly user pageviews
Source file and collection details
January 2021–December 2025 · pageviews per project-month
Fields, method and limits
- Fields in the file
project, month, pageviews, access, agent- Coverage
- January 2021–December 2025
- Unit
- pageviews per project-month
- Attribution
- Wikimedia Foundation Analytics API
Monthly all-access user-classified pageviews; no aggregation across language projects.
Wikipedia language editions are not country populations or representative publisher traffic. User classification relies on Wikimedia bot detection; it is not a count of unique people.
Download source metadata and file hashes (JSON). This inventory documents the collected external files; it is not a new research finding.
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